New Paper Published on Upward Flame Spread over Discrete Fuels
A new paper was published by Colin Miller and Prof. Gollner on Upward Flame Spread over Discrete Fuels in the Fire Safety Journal. By using slices of PMMA we were able to vary the amount of fuel covering a wall while a flame spread upward. We found that when the fuel coverage reduces somewhat, there is a maximum observed similar to previous experiments on matchsticks and in wildland fire correlations. This is interesting because there are no models incorporating the effect of discreteness in real fuels and that this is the first time the effect has been observed over thermally thick fuels, suggesting a more universal mechanism.
Read it here: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379711215300035
The spread rate was shown to change with the percentage of fuel coverage.
IR images were used to track the pyrolysis front.
Abstract
Upward flame spread over discrete fuels has been analyzed through experiments on vertical arrays of alternating lengths of PMMA and inert insulation board. By manipulating the lengths of the PMMA fuel and the insulation, trends relating flame spread to fuel loading were assessed.
The peak upward flame spread rate was observed in non-homogeneous fuel arrays where the fraction of exposed area consisting of fuel (i.e., the fuel coverage f) was below unity. A maximum flame spread rate was observed for f =0.67, possibly due to a delayed thickening of the boundary layer or increased air entrainment. In arrays with f≤0.5, the flame spread rate decreased; in fact, deceleration of the pyrolysis front was observed. This behavior indicates that a homogeneous fuel bed approximation, which might be applicable when f is near unity, would be highly unsuitable for arrays with low fuel coverage. Trends for the mass fluxes and flame heights were also assessed, and it was noted that the mass loss rate per burning area was negatively correlated with f. This provides further support to the hypothesis that decreased thickening of the boundary layer, which would lower the flame standoff distance, plays a causal role.
A method for approximation of the fuel spread rate was also proposed. This estimate requires reasonable estimates for the homogeneous flame spread rate and the lowest fuel coverage value that sustains spread.
Highlights
- • We examined the flame spread rate over vertical fuel arrays of discrete PMMA fuel.
- • The flame spread rate peaked when the fuel coverage parameter was below unity.
- • We propose an approximation method for the spread rate at intermediate fuel percentages.
- • Divergent trends in flame spread acceleration are proposed as demarcations for assumptions of near-homogeneity.
- • The burning rate was negatively correlated with fuel coverage.
